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Node.js

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Node.js</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ryan_Dahl" title="Ryan Dahl">Ryan Dahl</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="OpenJS_Foundation" title="OpenJS Foundation">OpenJS Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">May 27, 2009 (2009-05-27)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">24.4.1<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-e5f39143c577e467c22acdad177edb1fd1aa9f34-v20-2">[2]</a>

/ July 15, 2025 (July 15, 2025)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/nodejs/node">github.com/nodejs/node</a> </li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>, <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="SmartOS" title="SmartOS">SmartOS</a>, <a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a>, <a href="IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">IBM AIX</a><a href="#cite_note-supportedOS-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Runtime_system" title="Runtime system">Runtime environment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nodejs.org">nodejs.org</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>

Node.js is a <a href="Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a>, <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <a href="Runtime_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime environment">runtime environment</a> that can run on <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, and more. Node.js runs on the <a href="V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a> <a href="JavaScript_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaScript engine">JavaScript engine</a>, and executes JavaScript code outside a <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>.

Node.js lets developers use JavaScript to write <a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command line tools</a> and for <a href="Server-side_scripting" title="Server-side scripting">server-side scripting</a>. The ability to run JavaScript code on the server is often used to generate <a href="Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">dynamic web page</a> content before the page is sent to the user's web browser. Consequently, Node.js represents a "JavaScript everywhere" <a href="Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> unifying <a href="Web_application" title="Web application">web-application</a> development around a single <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a>, as opposed to using different languages for the server- versus client-side programming.

Node.js has an <a href="Event-driven_architecture" title="Event-driven architecture">event-driven architecture</a> capable of <a href="Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">asynchronous I/O</a>. These design choices aim to optimize <a href="Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a> and <a href="Scalability" title="Scalability">scalability</a> in web applications with many input/output operations, as well as for <a href="Real-time_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-time Web">real-time Web</a> applications (e.g., <a href="Real-time_communication" title="Real-time communication">real-time communication</a> programs and <a href="Browser_game" title="Browser game">browser games</a>).<a href="#cite_note-readwrite-7">[7]</a>

The Node.js <a href="Distributed_development" title="Distributed development">distributed development</a> project was previously governed by the Node.js Foundation,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and has now merged with the <a href="JS_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="JS Foundation">JS Foundation</a> to form the <a href="OpenJS_Foundation" title="OpenJS Foundation">OpenJS Foundation</a>. OpenJS Foundation is facilitated by the <a href="Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a>'s Collaborative Projects program.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Node.js was initially written by <a href="Ryan_Dahl" title="Ryan Dahl">Ryan Dahl</a> in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-training.com-10">[10]</a> about 13 years after the introduction of the first server-side JavaScript environment, <a href="Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape's</a> LiveWire Pro Web.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The initial release supported only Linux and Mac OS X. Its development and maintenance was led by Dahl and later sponsored by <a href="Joyent" title="Joyent">Joyent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Google_Groups_post_by_Ryan_Dahl_about_Joyent-12">[12]</a>

Dahl criticized the limited capability of <a href="Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache HTTP Server</a> to handle many (10,000+) concurrent connections, as well as the dominant programming paradigm of sequential programming, in which applications could block entire processes or cause the creation of multiple execution stacks for simultaneous connections.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

Dahl demonstrated the project at the inaugural European JSConf on November 8, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-b3-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Node.js combined <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s <a href="Chrome_V8" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrome V8">V8</a> JavaScript engine, an <a href="Event_loop" title="Event loop">event loop</a>, and a low-level <a href="Input/output" title="Input/output">I/O</a> <a href="Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a>.<a href="#cite_note-b1-17">[17]</a>

In January 2010, a <a href="Package_manager" title="Package manager">package manager</a> was introduced for the Node.js environment called <a href="Npm_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Npm (software)">npm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The package manager allows programmers to publish and share Node.js <a href="Package_manager" title="Package manager">packages</a>, along with the accompanying source code, and is designed to simplify the installation, update and uninstallation of packages.<a href="#cite_note-b1-17">[17]</a>

In June 2011, Microsoft and Joyent implemented a native <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> version of Node.js.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The first Node.js build supporting Windows was released in July 2011.

In January 2012, Dahl yielded management of the project to npm creator Isaac Schlueter.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In January 2014, Schlueter announced that Timothy J. Fontaine would lead the project.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

In December 2014, Fedor Indutny created io.js, a <a href="Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">fork</a> of Node.js created because of dissatisfaction with Joyent's governance as an <a href="Open_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Open governance">open-governance</a> alternative with a separate technical committee. The goal was to enable a structure that would be more receptive to community input, including the updating of io.js with the latest Google V8 JavaScript engine releases, diverging from Node.js's approach at that time.<a href="#cite_note-iwtw-22">[22]</a>

The Node.js Foundation, formed to reconcile Node.js and io.js under a unified banner, was announced in February 2015.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The merger was realized in September 2015 with Node.js v0.12 and io.js v3.3 combining into Node v4.0.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> This merge brought V8 <a href="ECMAScript#ES2015" title="ECMAScript">ES6</a> features into Node.js and started a long-term support release cycle.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> By 2016, the io.js website recommended returning to Node.js and announced no further io.js releases, effectively ending the fork and solidifying the merger's success.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

In 2019, the JS Foundation and Node.js Foundation merged to form the <a href="OpenJS_Foundation" title="OpenJS Foundation">OpenJS Foundation</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Branding">Branding</h3></div>

The Node.js logo features a green hexagon with overlapping bands to represent the cross-platform nature of the runtime.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The Rocket Turtle was chosen as the official Node.js mascot in February 2024 following a design contest.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

Node.js allows the creation of <a href="Web_server" title="Web server">web servers</a> and networking tools using <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> and a collection of "modules" that handle various core functionalities.<a href="#cite_note-b3-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-b1-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-b2-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-b4-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-b5-31">[31]</a> Modules are provided for <a href="File_system" title="File system">file system</a> I/O, networking (<a href="Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a>, <a href="HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, <a href="Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a>, <a href="Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS/SSL</a> or <a href="User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a>), <a href="Binary_file" title="Binary file">binary</a> data (buffers), <a href="Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> functions, <a href="Stream_(computing)" title="Stream (computing)">data streams</a> and other core functions.<a href="#cite_note-b1-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-b4-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Node.js's modules use an API designed to reduce the complexity of writing server applications.<a href="#cite_note-b1-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-b4-30">[30]</a>

JavaScript is the only language that Node.js supports natively, but many <a href="Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">compile-to-JS</a> languages are available.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> As a result, Node.js applications can be written in <a href="CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>,<a href="#cite_note-b6-34">[34]</a> <a href="Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a>, <a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a>, <a href="ClojureScript" class="mw-redirect" title="ClojureScript">ClojureScript</a> and others.

Node.js is primarily used to build network programs such as web servers.<a href="#cite_note-b2-29">[29]</a> The most significant difference between Node.js and <a href="PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> is that most functions in PHP <a href="Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">block</a> until completion (commands execute only after previous commands finish), while Node.js functions are <a href="Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">non-blocking</a> (commands execute <a href="Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">concurrently</a> and use <a href="Callback_(computer_programming)" title="Callback (computer programming)">callbacks</a> to signal completion or failure),<a href="#cite_note-b2-29">[29]</a> thus opening up new attack surfaces that are inherently absent in most web server applications.

Node.js is officially supported by <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> and <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> 8.1 and Server 2012 (and later),<a href="#cite_note-supportedOS-3">[3]</a> with Tier 2 support for <a href="SmartOS" title="SmartOS">SmartOS</a> and <a href="IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">IBM AIX</a> and experimental support for <a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>. <a href="OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> also works, and LTS versions are available for <a href="IBM_i" title="IBM i">IBM i</a> (AS/400).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The source code may also be built on similar operating systems that are not officially supported, such as <a href="NonStop_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="NonStop OS">NonStop OS</a><a href="#cite_note-bomBora_-_Node.js_for_NonStop-36">[36]</a> and <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> servers.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platform_architecture">Platform architecture</h3></div>

Node.js enables development of fast web servers in JavaScript using <a href="Event-driven_programming" title="Event-driven programming">event-driven programming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-b1-17">[17]</a> Developers can create scalable servers without using <a href="Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">threading</a> by using a simplified model that uses <a href="Callback_(computer_programming)" title="Callback (computer programming)">callbacks</a> to signal the completion of a task.<a href="#cite_note-b1-17">[17]</a> Node.js connects the ease of a scripting language (JavaScript) with the power of Unix network programming.<a href="#cite_note-b1-17">[17]</a>

Node.js was built on top of Google's V8 JavaScript engine since it was open-sourced under the <a href="BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">BSD license</a>, and it contains comprehensive support for fundamental protocols such as <a href="HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, <a href="DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a> and <a href="Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-b3-14">[14]</a> JavaScript's existing popularity made Node.js accessible to the <a href="Web_developer" title="Web developer">web-development community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-b3-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_support">Industry support</h3></div>

There are thousands of open-source libraries for Node.js, most of which are hosted on the npm website. Multiple developer conferences and events are held that support the Node.js community, including NodeConf, Node Interactive, and Node Summit, as well as a number of regional events.

The open-source community has developed <a href="Web_framework" title="Web framework">web frameworks</a> to accelerate the development of applications. Such frameworks include <a href="Express.js" title="Express.js">Express.js</a>, <a href="Socket.IO" title="Socket.IO">Socket.IO</a>, <a href="Sails.js" title="Sails.js">Sails.js</a>, <a href="Next.js" title="Next.js">Next.js</a> and <a href="Meteor_(web_framework)" title="Meteor (web framework)">Meteor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-b1-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-b7-37">[37]</a> Various packages have also been created for interfacing with other languages or runtime environments such as <a href="Microsoft_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft .NET">Microsoft .NET</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>

Modern desktop <a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDEs</a> provide editing and debugging features specifically for Node.js applications. Such IDEs include <a href="Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom</a>, <a href="Brackets_(text_editor)" title="Brackets (text editor)">Brackets</a>, <a href="JetBrains_MPS" title="JetBrains MPS">JetBrains</a> <a href="WebStorm" class="mw-redirect" title="WebStorm">WebStorm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Microsoft Visual Studio</a> (with Node.js Tools for Visual Studio,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> or <a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a> with Node definitions<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>), <a href="NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Nodeclipse Enide Studio<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> (<a href="Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a>-based) and <a href="Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Some <a href="Online_integrated_development_environment" title="Online integrated development environment">online IDEs</a> also support Node.js, such as <a href="Codeanywhere" title="Codeanywhere">Codeanywhere</a>, <a href="Eclipse_Che" title="Eclipse Che">Eclipse Che</a>, <a href="Cloud9_IDE" title="Cloud9 IDE">Cloud9 IDE</a> and the visual flow editor in <a href="Node-RED" title="Node-RED">Node-RED</a>.

Node.js is supported across a number of cloud-hosting platforms such as <a href="Jelastic" title="Jelastic">Jelastic</a>, <a href="Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud Platform</a>, <a href="AWS_Elastic_Beanstalk" title="AWS Elastic Beanstalk">AWS Elastic Beanstalk</a>, <a href="Azure_Web_Apps" title="Azure Web Apps">Azure Web Apps</a> and <a href="Joyent" title="Joyent">Joyent</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Releases">Releases</h2></div>

<th>Release<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>

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<th>Maintenance end

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<td>2013-03-11

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<td>2016-10-31

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<td>2015-02-06

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<td>2016-12-31

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<td>Argon<a href="#cite_note-Release-51">[51]</a>

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<td>2015-09-08

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<td>2018-04-30

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<td>2015-10-29

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<td>2016-06-30

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<td>Boron<a href="#cite_note-Release-51">[51]</a>

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<td>2016-04-26

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<td>2019-04-30

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<td>2016-10-25

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<td>2017-06-30

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<tr>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="8.x">Unsupported: 8.x

</td>

<td>Carbon<a href="#cite_note-Release-51">[51]</a>

</td>

<td>2017-05-30

</td>

<td>2019-12-31

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="9.x">Unsupported: 9.x

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2017-10-01

</td>

<td>2018-06-30

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="10.x">Unsupported: 10.x

</td>

<td>Dubnium<a href="#cite_note-Release-51">[51]</a>

</td>

<td>2018-04-24

</td>

<td>2021-04-30

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="11.x">Unsupported: 11.x

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2018-10-23

</td>

<td>2019-06-01

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="12.x">Unsupported: 12.x

</td>

<td>Erbium<a href="#cite_note-Release-51">[51]</a>

</td>

<td>2019-04-23

</td>

<td>2022-04-30

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="13.x">Unsupported: 13.x

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2019-10-22

</td>

<td>2020-06-01

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="14.x">Unsupported: 14.x

</td>

<td>Fermium<a href="#cite_note-Release-51">[51]</a>

</td>

<td>2020-04-21

</td>

<td>2023-04-30

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="15.x">Unsupported: 15.x

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2020-10-20

</td>

<td>2021-06-01

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="16.x">Unsupported: 16.x

</td>

<td>Gallium<a href="#cite_note-Release-51">[51]</a>

</td>

<td>2021-04-20

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="17.x">Unsupported: 17.x

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2021-10-19

</td>

<td>2022-06-01

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="18.x">Unsupported: 18.x

</td>

<td>Hydrogen<a href="#cite_note-Release-51">[51]</a>

</td>

<td>2022-04-19

</td>

<td>2025-04-30

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="19.x">Unsupported: 19.x

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>2022-10-18

</td>

<td>2023-06-01

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-maintained" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Supported" data-sort-value="20.x">Supported: 20.x

</td>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-maintained" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Supported" data-sort-value="Maintenance LTS">Supported: Maintenance LTS

</td>

</td>

<td>2023-04-18

</td>

<td>2026-04-30

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="21.x">Unsupported: 21.x

</td>

</td>

<td>2023-10-17

</td>

<td>2024-06-01

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion c swatch-latest" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Latest version" data-sort-value="22.x">Latest version: 22.x

</td>

<td class="templateVersion c swatch-latest" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Latest version" data-sort-value="Active LTS">Latest version: Active LTS

</td>

</td>

<td>2024-04-24

</td>

<td>2027-04-30

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion co swatch-unsupported" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Unsupported" data-sort-value="23.x">Unsupported: 23.x

</td>

</td>

<td>2024-10-15

</td>

<td>2025-06-01

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion cp swatch-preview" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Preview version" data-sort-value="24.x">Preview version: 24.x

</td>

<td class="templateVersion cp swatch-preview" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Preview version" data-sort-value="Current">Preview version: Current

</td>

<td>Krypton <a href="#cite_note-Codenames-53">[53]</a>

</td>

<td>2025-04-22

</td>

<td>2028-04-30

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion p swatch-future" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Future version" data-sort-value="26.x">Future version: 26.x

</td>

<td class="templateVersion p swatch-future" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Future version" data-sort-value="Planned">Future version: Planned

</td>

<td>Lithium<a href="#cite_note-Codenames-53">[53]</a>

</td>

<td>2026

</td>

<td>2029

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion p swatch-future" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Future version" data-sort-value="28.x">Future version: 28.x

</td>

<td class="templateVersion p swatch-future" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Future version" data-sort-value="Planned">Future version: Planned

</td>

<td>Magnesium <a href="#cite_note-Codenames-53">[53]</a>

</td>

<td>2027

</td>

<td>2030

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion p swatch-future" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Future version" data-sort-value="30.x">Future version: 30.x

</td>

<td class="templateVersion p swatch-future" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Future version" data-sort-value="Planned">Future version: Planned

</td>

</td>

<td>2028

</td>

<td>2031

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion p swatch-future" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Future version" data-sort-value="32.x">Future version: 32.x

</td>

<td class="templateVersion p swatch-future" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Future version" data-sort-value="Planned">Future version: Planned

</td>

<td>Oxygen<a href="#cite_note-Codenames-53">[53]</a>

</td>

<td>2029

</td>

<td>2032

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="templateVersion p swatch-future" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Future version" data-sort-value="34.x">Future version: 34.x

</td>

<td class="templateVersion p swatch-future" style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);" title="Future version" data-sort-value="Planned">Future version: Planned

</td>

<td>Platinum<a href="#cite_note-Codenames-53">[53]</a>

</td>

<td>2030

</td>

<td>2033

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="5"><div class="templateVersion l version-legend" style=""><div style="">Legend:</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Unsupported</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Supported</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Latest version</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Preview version</div><div style="display: flex;" class="legend-item">Future version</div></div>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

New major releases of Node.js are cut from the <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> main branch every six months. Even-numbered versions are cut in April and odd-numbered versions are cut in October. When a new odd version is released, the previous even version undergoes transition to <a href="Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long Term Support</a> (LTS), which gives that version 12 months of active support from the date it is designated LTS. After these 12 months expire, an LTS release receives an additional 18 months of maintenance support. An active version receives non-breaking backports of changes a few weeks after they land in the current release. A maintenance release receives only critical fixes and documentation updates.<a href="#cite_note-Release-51">[51]</a> The LTS Working Group manages strategy and policy in collaboration with the Technical Steering Committee of the Node.js Foundation.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h2></div>

Node.js is a JavaScript runtime environment that processes incoming requests in a loop, called the <a href="Event_loop" title="Event loop">event loop</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internals">Internals</h3></div>

Node.js uses <a href="Libuv" title="Libuv">libuv</a> under the hood to handle asynchronous events. Libuv is an abstraction layer for network and file system functionality on both Windows and <a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>-based systems such as Linux, <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, OSS on <a href="NonStop_(server_computers)" title="NonStop (server computers)">NonStop</a>, and Unix. Node.js relies on nghttp2 for HTTP support. As of version 20, Node.js uses the ada library which provides up-to-date <a href="WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a> <a href="URL" title="URL">URL</a> compliance. As of version 19.5, Node.js uses the simdutf library for fast Unicode validation and transcoding. As of version 21.3, Node.js uses the simdjson library for fast JSON parsing.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threading">Threading</h3></div>

Node.js operates on a <a href="Single_threading" class="mw-redirect" title="Single threading">single-thread</a> <a href="Event_loop" title="Event loop">event loop</a>, using <a href="Non-blocking_I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-blocking I/O">non-blocking I/O</a> calls, allowing it to support tens of thousands of concurrent connections without incurring the cost of thread <a href="Context_switch" title="Context switch">context switching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The design of sharing a single thread among all the requests that use the <a href="Observer_pattern" title="Observer pattern">observer pattern</a> is intended for building highly concurrent applications, where any function performing I/O must use a <a href="Callback_(computer_programming)" title="Callback (computer programming)">callback</a>. To accommodate the single-threaded event loop, Node.js uses the <a href="Libuv" title="Libuv">libuv</a> library—which, in turn, uses a fixed-sized thread pool that handles some of the non-blocking asynchronous I/O operations.<a href="#cite_note-readwrite-7">[7]</a>

A thread pool handles the execution of parallel tasks in Node.js. The main thread function call posts tasks to the shared task queue, which threads in the thread pool pull and execute. Inherently non-blocking system functions such as networking translate to kernel-side non-blocking sockets, while inherently blocking system functions such as file I/O run in a blocking way on their own threads. When a thread in the thread pool completes a task, it informs the main thread of this, which in turn, wakes up and executes the registered callback.

A downside of this single-threaded approach is that Node.js does not allow <a href="Vertical_scaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical scaling">vertical scaling</a> by increasing the number of <a href="CPU_core" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU core">CPU cores</a> of the machine it is running on without using an additional module, such as cluster,<a href="#cite_note-node_cluster_module_doc-55">[55]</a> StrongLoop Process Manager,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> or pm2.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> However, developers can increase the default number of threads in the libuv thread pool. The server <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system (OS)</a> is likely to distribute these threads across multiple cores.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Another problem is that long-lasting computations and other CPU-bound tasks freeze the entire event-loop until completion.

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8 (JavaScript engine)</a></div>

V8 is the JavaScript execution engine which was initially built for <a href="Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>. It was then open-sourced by Google in 2008. Written in <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, V8 compiles JavaScript source code to native machine code <a href="Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">at runtime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-readwrite-7">[7]</a> As of 2016, it also includes Ignition, a <a href="Bytecode_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bytecode interpreter">bytecode interpreter</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Package_management">Package management</h3></div>

<a href="Npm_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Npm (software)">npm</a> is the pre-installed package manager for the Node.js server platform. It installs Node.js programs from the npm registry, organizing the installation and management of third-party Node.js programs.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Event_loop">Event loop</h3></div>

Node.js registers with the operating system so the OS notifies it of <a href="Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">asynchronous I/O</a> events such as new connections. Within the Node.js runtime, events trigger callbacks and each connection is handled as a small <a href="Heap_allocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heap allocation">heap allocation</a>. Traditionally, relatively heavyweight OS processes or threads handled each connection. Node.js uses an event loop for concurrent I/O, instead of processes or threads.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In contrast to other event-driven servers, Node.js's event loop does not need to be called explicitly. Instead, callbacks are defined, and the server automatically enters the event loop at the end of the callback definition. Node.js exits the event loop when there are no further callbacks to be performed.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</h3></div>

Node.js supports <a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> and as of Node 14 has experimental support of <a href="WebAssembly#WASI" title="WebAssembly">WASI</a>, the WebAssembly System Interface.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_bindings">Native bindings</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Foreign_function_interface" title="Foreign function interface">Foreign function interface</a></div>

Node.js provides a way to create "add-ons" via a <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>-based API called N-API, which can be used to produce loadable (importable) <code>.node</code> modules from source code written in C/C++.<a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[60]</a> The modules can be directly loaded into memory and executed from within JS environment as simple CommonJS modules. The implementation of the N-API relies on internal C/C++ Node.js and V8 objects requiring users <a href="Language_binding" title="Language binding">to import</a> (<a href="Include_directive" title="Include directive">#include</a>) Node.js specific <a href="Include_directive" title="Include directive">headers</a> into their native source code.<a href="#cite_note-:1-60">[60]</a>

As the Node.js API is subject to breaking changes at a binary level, modules have to be built and shipped against specific Node.js versions to work properly. To address the issue, third parties have introduced open-sourced С/С++ wrappers on top of the API that partially alleviate the problem. They simplify interfaces, but as a side effect they may also introduce complexity which maintainers have to deal with. Even though the core functionality of Node.js resides in a JavaScript built-in library, modules written in C++ can be used to enhance capabilities and to improve performance of applications.

In order to produce such modules one needs to have an appropriate C++ compiler and necessary headers (the latter are typically shipped with Node.js itself), e.g., <a href="GCC_Compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="GCC Compiler">gcc</a>, <a href="Clang" title="Clang">clang</a> or <a href="Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B" title="Microsoft Visual C++">MSVC++</a>.

The N-API is similar to <a href="Java_Native_Interface" title="Java Native Interface">Java Native Interface</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_governance">Project governance</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="OpenJS_Foundation" title="OpenJS Foundation">OpenJS Foundation</a></div>

In 2015, various branches of the greater Node.js community began working under the vendor-neutral Node.js Foundation. The stated purpose of the organization "is to enable widespread adoption and help accelerate development of Node.js and other related modules through an open governance model that encourages participation, technical contribution, and a framework for long-term stewardship by an ecosystem invested in Node.js' success."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>

The Node.js Foundation Technical Steering Committee (TSC) is the technical governing body of the Node.js Foundation. The TSC is responsible for the core Node.js repo as well as dependent and adjacent projects. Generally the TSC delegates the administration of these projects to working groups or committees.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The LTS group that manages long term supported releases is one such group. Other current groups include Website, Streams, Build, Diagnostics, i18n, Evangelism, Docker, Addon API, Benchmarking, Post-mortem, Intl, Documentation, and Testing.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>

In August 2017, a third of the TSC members resigned due to a dispute related to the project's code of conduct.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>

<caption>Current TSC Members<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>

</caption>

<th>Username</th>

<th>Full Name

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Antoine du Hamel

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>anonrig</td>

<td>Yagiz Nizipli

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>benjamingr</td>

<td>Benjamin Gruenbaum

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>BridgeAR</td>

<td>Ruben Bridgewater

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>gireeshpunathil</td>

<td>Gireesh Punathil

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>jasnell</td>

<td>James M Snell

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>joyeecheung</td>

<td>Joyee Cheung

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>legendecas</td>

<td>Chengzhong Wu

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>marco-ippolito</td>

<td>Marco Ippolito

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>mcollina</td>

<td>Matteo Collina

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>mhdawson</td>

<td>Michael Dawson

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>RafaelGSS</td>

<td>Rafael Gonzaga

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>richardlau</td>

<td>Richard Lau

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ronag</td>

<td>Robert Nagy

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ruyadorno</td>

<td>Ruy Adorno

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>ShogunPanda</td>

<td>Paolo Insogna

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>targos</td>

<td>Michaël Zasso

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>tniessen</td>

<td>Tobias Nießen

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/joyent/node/tags?after=v0.0.4">"node-v0.x-archive on GitHub"</a>. <a href="GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>. Retrieved 2 August 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-wikidata-e5f39143c577e467c22acdad177edb1fd1aa9f34-v20-2"><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-e5f39143c577e467c22acdad177edb1fd1aa9f34-v20_2-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/releases/tag/v24.4.1">"Release 24.4.1"</a>. 15 July 2025. Retrieved 22 July 2025.</cite>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHughes-CroucherWilson2012" class="citation cs2">Hughes-Croucher, Tom; Wilson, Mike (April 2012), Up and Running with Node.js, <a href="O'Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4493-9858-3</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOrnbo2012" class="citation cs2">Ornbo, George (September 2012), Sams Teach Yourself Node.js in 24 Hours, <a href="SAMS_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAMS Publishing">SAMS Publishing</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-672-33595-2</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTeixeira2012" class="citation cs2">Teixeira, Pedro (October 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118185463,descCd-authorInfo.html">Professional Node.js</a>, <a href="John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-118-22754-1</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRandal_L._Schwartz_and_Aaron_Newcomb2013" class="citation podcast cs1"><a href="Randal_L._Schwartz" title="Randal L. Schwartz">Randal L. Schwartz</a> and Aaron Newcomb (9 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://twit.tv/show/floss-weekly/237">"Episode 237: Node.js"</a>. twit.tv/show/floss-weekly (Podcast). <a href="TWiT.tv" title="TWiT.tv">TWiT.tv</a>. Event occurs at 1:08:13. Retrieved 9 January 2013.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGackenheimer2013" class="citation cs2">Gackenheimer, Cory (October 2013), Node.js Recipes: A Problem-Solution Approach, <a href="Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4302-6058-5</bdi></cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nodejs.org">Official website</a> </li></ul>

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</style><div id="Node.js47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platform</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="CommonJS" title="CommonJS">CommonJS</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frameworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MongoDB" title="MongoDB">MongoDB</a></li>

<li><a href="Express.js" title="Express.js">Express.js</a></li>

<li><a href="AngularJS" title="AngularJS">AngularJS</a>/<a href="Angular_(web_framework)" title="Angular (web framework)">Angular</a></li></ul></li>

<li>MEEN (substituted with <a href="Ember.js" title="Ember.js">Ember.js</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Backbone.js" title="Backbone.js">Backbone.js</a></li>

<li><a href="Fastify" title="Fastify">Fastify</a></li>

<li><a href="Meteor_(web_framework)" title="Meteor (web framework)">Meteor</a></li>

<li><a href="Sails.js" title="Sails.js">Sails.js</a> (uses Express.js)</li>

<li><a href="NestJS" title="NestJS">NestJS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lodash" title="Lodash">Lodash</a></li>

<li><a href="Underscore.js" title="Underscore.js">Underscore.js</a></li>

<li><a href="React.js" class="mw-redirect" title="React.js">React.js</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li>

<li><a href="CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a></li>

<li><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a>

<ul><li><a href="AssemblyScript" title="AssemblyScript">AssemblyScript</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="JavaScript497" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="JavaScript497" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">Code analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ESLint" title="ESLint">ESLint</a></li>

<li><a href="JSHint" title="JSHint">JSHint</a></li>

<li><a href="JSLint" title="JSLint">JSLint</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Subset" title="Subset">Supersets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ArkTS" title="ArkTS">ArkTS</a></li>

<li><a href="TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">Transpilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AtScript" title="AtScript">AtScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Babel_(transcompiler)" title="Babel (transcompiler)">Babel</a></li>

<li><a href="ClojureScript" class="mw-redirect" title="ClojureScript">ClojureScript</a></li>

<li><a href="CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Emscripten" title="Emscripten">Emscripten</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Closure_Compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Closure Compiler">Google Closure Compiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Google Web Toolkit</a></li>

<li><a href="LiveScript_(programming_language)" title="LiveScript (programming language)">LiveScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Morfik" title="Morfik">Morfik</a></li>

<li><a href="PureScript" title="PureScript">PureScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Reason_(programming_language)" title="Reason (programming language)">Reason</a></li>

<li><a href="WebSharper" title="WebSharper">WebSharper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="JavaScript_library" title="JavaScript library">JavaScript library</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript_syntax" title="JavaScript syntax">JavaScript syntax</a></li>

<li><a href="JavaScript_stack" title="JavaScript stack">JavaScript stack</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Debugger" title="Debugger">Debuggers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chrome_(browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrome (browser)">Chrome DevTools</a></li>

<li><a href="Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> Inspector</li>

<li><a href="Komodo_IDE" title="Komodo IDE">Komodo IDE</a></li>

<li><a href="Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> Web Inspector</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Documentation_generator" title="Documentation generator">Documentation generators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="JSDoc" title="JSDoc">JSDoc</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editors (<a href="Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_source_code_editors" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based source code editors">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cloud9_IDE" title="Cloud9 IDE">Cloud9 IDE</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="CodeMirror" title="CodeMirror">CodeMirror</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brackets_(text_editor)" title="Brackets (text editor)">Brackets</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_Table_(software)" title="Light Table (software)">Light Table</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="PhpStorm" class="mw-redirect" title="PhpStorm">PhpStorm</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Eclipse_projects#Top-level_sub-projects" title="List of Eclipse projects">Orion</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Visual Studio Express</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Studio#Azure_DevOps_Services" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio Team Services</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="JavaScript_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaScript engine">Engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_ECMAScript_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ECMAScript engines">List of ECMAScript engines</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">Frameworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_JavaScript-based_web_frameworks" title="Comparison of JavaScript-based web frameworks">Comparison of JavaScript frameworks</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_JavaScript_libraries" title="List of JavaScript libraries">List of JavaScript libraries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <a href="Technology" title="Technology">technologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="AssemblyScript" title="AssemblyScript">AssemblyScript</a></li>

<li><a href="Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a></li>

<li><a href="Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">Document Object Model</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li>

<li><a href="WebAuthn" title="WebAuthn">WebAuthn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package managers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Module bundlers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Webpack" title="Webpack">Webpack</a></li>

<li><a href="Esbuild" title="Esbuild">esbuild</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Server-side_JavaScript" class="mw-redirect" title="Server-side JavaScript">Server-side</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">Active Server Pages</a></li>

<li><a href="CommonJS" title="CommonJS">CommonJS</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">Unit testing</a> frameworks (<a href="List_of_unit_testing_frameworks#JavaScript" title="List of unit testing frameworks">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jasmine_(software)" title="Jasmine (software)">Jasmine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mocha_(JavaScript_framework)" title="Mocha (JavaScript framework)">Mocha</a></li>

<li><a href="QUnit" title="QUnit">QUnit</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Douglas_Crockford" title="Douglas Crockford">Douglas Crockford</a></li>

<li><a href="Brendan_Eich" title="Brendan Eich">Brendan Eich</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Resig" title="John Resig">John Resig</a></li>

<li><a href="Jesse_James_Garrett" title="Jesse James Garrett">Jesse James Garrett</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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